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Resilience: A multi-dimensional concept for strengthening the resilience of shock-sensitive social sectors.

Resilience is a multidimensional construct resulting from a state of balance in interactions with risk factors and protective factors present at different levels of a person's and a community's ecosystem.

Prevention

How is the system preparing to reduce the impact of the shock?

Absorption

How does the system cope once shock occurs?

Adaptation

How does the system invent strategies to adapt to the situation?

Transformation

How does the system bring about radical change?

WASH

Sporadic access to water, hygiene and sanitation. Despite 83% of households having access to drinking water, the public situation remains poor. 32% of households in Mali remain without toilets. Less than 20% of schools have functional toilets. A few examples of the indicators :

% of localities having functioning modern water outlets.
% of localities having reached End of open air defecation (EOD Certified).
% of localities with representatives of persons with disabilities in the water management committee.

Nutrition

22% of the children below 5 years of age are underdeveloped for their age. It is estimated that close to 1.4 million children aged between 6 to 56 months suffer from and are likely to continue suffering from acute malnutrition in 2024. A few examples of the indicators :

% of localities with diversified agricultural production.
% of localities benefiting from income generating activities focused on nutrition.
% of localities having access to harvesting products/tools.

Education

Approximately 2 million children in Mali, aged between 5-17 years do not attend school. This amounts to almost half of the youth (aged between 15-24) remaining illiterate. Factors such as poverty, child labour, child marriage, and lack of schools drive the illiteracy rate. Some examples of the indicators:

% of high-schools accessible to students with disabilities.
Early Childhood Development centers (CDPE's) with structural resilience to withstand risks in the commune.
Secondary schools with toilets for girls in the commune.

Health

Infant mortality rate, maternal health, and HIV remain major challenges. 1 out of 10 children die before the age of 5, and 1 out of 30 newborns perish of preventable diseases. A few examples of the indicators:

Adaptability of CSCOM to persons with disabilities.
% of localities where mosquito nets were distributed in the last 12 months.
% of disabled people in need of mobility apparatus.

Gender

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49% of Malian women aged between 15-49 years in union or in separation have undergone one or more forms of emotional, psychological, physical or sexual violence.
INSTAT Mali, EDSM-VI, 2018.
91% and 92% of girls respectively avoid changing at school during menstruation, mainly because of inadequate facilities, lack of water and soap, lack of protection for changing, or the absence of separate latrines for girls and boys.
UNICEF and WaterAid.
Mali is ranked 155 out of the 170 countries included in the 2021 UNDP Gender Inequality Index.
IMF.

Handicap

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6.4% of the population aged at least 18 have at least one disability. This is noticeable in the older population, that is to say between 70-79 years old (27.6%) and over 80 years old (45.5%).
SITUATION DES PERSONNES VIVANT AVEC UN HANDICAP AU MALI SELON L'ENQUÊTE DÉMOGRAPHIQUE ET SANTÉ (EDSM) DE 2018
Mali has just over 2.7 million disabled people out of a total of 18.1 million inhabitants. While 50.6% of the population is in poverty, people with disabilities are excluded among the excluded.
ODHD, UNICEF
Out of a population of nearly 22 million, 15% of Malians live with a disability.
MINUSMA

Social Cohesion

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The youth of the nation (aged between 18-35 years old), which represents 65% of the population is the primary victim of socio-economic inequalities and unequal distribution of wealth.
UNICEF
According to the Malnutrition Severity Analysis (IPC 2023) more than 65 case of Global Acute Malnutrition, including 15,000 severe cases are expected among children aged between 0-59 months in Timbuktu region in 2024.
UNICEF

Shock-Responsive Social Protection

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Only 3% of the national budget was spent on social protection in 2022–2023.
UNICEF Mali, 2023
UNICEF estimates that more then 377,000 vulnerable boys and girls are in need of protection in Mali.
UNICEF Mali, 2023
The Health in Conflict Coalition (SHCC) identified 41 incidents of violence against caregivers or obstruction of access to care in Mali in 2023.
Safeguarding Health in Conflict

Developing the Conceptual Framework for Resilience

This conceptual framework illustrates that:

Every society is subject to changes that can rapidly lead to systemic disruptions — be they economic, social, or environemental.
Resilience lies in enhancing the ability to proactively and positively navigate these changes.
These four capacities bring together individuals, systems, and communities.
A weakness in one capacity can affect the resilience of a sector and, through a ripple effect, influence the overall measure of social resilience.
The selected indicators focus on vulnerability to understand the root causes of natural or food-related disasters, among others, with the aim of mitigating their impacts on populations.

IMRS – Social Resilience Measurement Index

The Social Sector Resilience Index (SSRI) is developed progressively:
For each social sector, an indicator matrix is established based on the four capacities.
Intermediate indices for each social sector, such as Education, Health, Nutrition, and WASH, are then calculated.
The resilience of a sector can be measured overall or in relation to one specific capacity.

For example :
The Education Sector Resilience Index
The Education Sector Prevention Index

These indices provide a precise and targeted evaluation of resilience within each social sector.

Desk Review

Conduct a thorough analysis of the literature and existing social resilience frameworks. This step aims to identify international best practices and methodological frameworks applicable to the Malian context.

01

Study of the questionnaire of the Communal Poverty Index (CPI)

Examine in detail the CPI questionnaire to understand the current variables and their relevance for measuring social resilience. This step ensures that the framework is aligned with the data and indicators already collected

02

Conceptual alignment of social resilience with the CPI variables.

Match the components of social resilience with the CPI variables to ensure coherence between the concept of resilience and the community poverty indicators.

03

Develop new indicators of social resilience

Identify and develop new indicators specific to social resilience, tailored to local realities. These indicators help capture the particular dimensions of resilience at the municipal level in Mali.

04

Develop the methodology for calculating the social resilience index.

Design a robust methodology for calculating the social resilience index. This methodology is scientific and tailored to local contexts to ensure an accurate and replicable measure of social resilience.

05

Validation and pilot test.

Conduct an initial validation of the indicators and methodology in pilot municipalities. This test will allow for adjustments and refinement of the indicators and the calculation of the index before scaling up.

06

Areas of the pilot phase

Four regions have been selected for the pilot phase: Gao, Mopti, Ségou and Timbuktu. In each of these regions, the digital tool will be deployed in five communes. In Gao, the communes of Bamba, Bourem, Taboye, Tarkint and Téméran will be covered. In Mopti, the selected communes are Mopti, Fatoma, Sio, Socoura and Konna. For the region of Ségou, the communes of Ségou, Pelengana, Konodimini, N'Gara et Massala have been covered. Finally, in the region of Timbuktu, the communes of Timbuktu, Diré, Goundam, Soboundou and Alafia have been retained.